Genes linked to malaria parasites’ ability to persist in the body
The ability of malaria parasites to persist in the body for years is linked to the expression of a set of genes from the pir gene family, scientists from the Francis Crick Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have found. Their results are published today in Nature Microbiology.
The researchers show in a mouse study that as few as 1 in 10 of the parasites that initially appear in the blood express this set of pir genes. But almost all the parasites found persisting in the body at later times express the genes, and can be a source of further spread of the disease.
Malaria is caused by parasites which are passed between people by mosquitoes. The body’s immune system will eventually destroy most of the malaria parasites. But some will continue to reside dormant in the body year after year without causing any symptoms.
The team hopes that a better understanding of the pir gene family will make it possible to destroy this reservoir of parasites that allows ongoing transmission of malaria despite increased efforts to eradicate the infection.
The World Health Organisation reports that 303,000 children under five years old died from malaria in 2015 and an estimated 212 million people suffered the infection worldwide.
The Crick team, led by Dr Jean Langhorne, collaborated with Dr Adam Reid and Dr Matthew Berriman at the Sanger Institute to identify which genes are most active in parasites that establish long-lasting infection.
They used mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi by mosquito bites and studied the expression of parasite genes during the blood stage of the infection. They confirmed their results with a second rodent malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei.
“We found that the first malaria parasites to appear in the blood were a highly varied population. From this population only a minority of parasites expressing a specific set of pir genes survived to establish a long-lasting, persistent infection. Surprisingly, parasites expressing these pir genes take over as the dominant parasites very quickly, and independently of the mouse’s antibody or T-cell response.”
Dr Jean Langhorne Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute
All species of malaria parasites, including the five that infect humans, have related pir genes. This suggests the pir gene family could be a clue to preventing chronic infection more generally.
“The pir genes are likely to be common to all species of malaria, and so it is possible that there is a shared mechanism across malaria species that enables them to create chronic infections. The parasite then has a way to establish a reservoir to ensure it is eventually passed on to another human or animal host.”
Dr Adam Reid Joint first author from the Sanger Institute
This is the first time that scientists have identified a potential role for these genes in establishing chronic infection. The group hopes that if a way can be found to target the biological mechanisms involved, it could prevent long-lasting persistent malaria infection and empty the reservoir.
“Understanding how certain parasites go on to establish chronic infection and determining how a particular set of pir genes are involved may provide us with a means to prevent chronic infection which could be applicable to all types of malaria in humans.”
Dr Jean Langhorne Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute
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Funding
The research was funded by the Francis Crick Institute (which receives its core funding from Cancer Research UK, the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust) and by the Wellcome Trust.
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The Francis Crick Institute
The Francis Crick Institute is a biomedical discovery institute dedicated to understanding the fundamental biology underlying health and disease. Its work is helping to understand why disease develops and to translate discoveries into new ways to prevent, diagnose and treat illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases.
An independent organisation, its founding partners are the Medical Research Council (MRC), Cancer Research UK, Wellcome, UCL (University College London), Imperial College London and King’s College London.
The Crick was formed in 2015, and in 2016 it moved into a brand new state-of-the-art building in central London which brings together 1500 scientists and support staff working collaboratively across disciplines, making it the biggest biomedical research facility under a single roof in Europe.
The Francis Crick Institute will be world-class with a strong national role. Its distinctive vision for excellence includes commitments to collaboration; to developing emerging talent and exporting it to the rest of the UK; to public engagement; and to helping turn discoveries into treatments as quickly as possible to improve lives and strengthen the economy. http://crick.ac.uk/
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is one of the world’s leading genome centres. Through its ability to conduct research at scale, it is able to engage in bold and long-term exploratory projects that are designed to influence and empower medical science globally. Institute research findings, generated through its own research programmes and through its leading role in international consortia, are being used to develop new diagnostics and treatments for human disease
