What makes the deadliest form of malaria specific to people?
The team recently showed that the interaction between a parasite protein called RH5 and a receptor called basigin was essentially required for the invasion of red blood cells by the parasite that causes the deadliest form of malaria. Now, they’ve discovered that this same interaction is also an important factor in explaining why the parasite seems to be remarkably specific to humans. This research will help guide eradication strategies in regions where malaria is endemic.
There are several distinct species of parasite that cause malaria. The malaria parasite species responsible for severe illness and death, Plasmodium falciparum, only infects humans, but is closely related to several species that infect chimpanzees and gorillas. Strangely, these species seem to be very specific – individual species appear to infect only humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, even when these primates live in close proximity. This striking observation piqued the curiosity of the team which prompted a search for the molecules that control this specificity and revealed the important role of the RH5-basigin interaction.
“It’s remarkable that the interaction of a single pair of proteins can explain why the most deadly form of malaria is specific to humans. This research will strengthen eradication strategies by ruling out great apes as possible reservoirs of human infection by P. falciparum.”
Dr Julian Rayner From the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute Malaria Programme
The team investigated the question of host specificity by examining two important protein interactions involved in the invasion of red blood cells – the interactions between the parasite and host EBA175-Glycophorin A and RH5-basigin.
They found that the EBA175 protein from chimpanzee-specific malaria parasites could bind to human Glycophorin A, thereby ruling out this interaction as a specificity factor.
However, the RH5 protein from P. falciparum did not bind to the gorilla basigin protein and only bound extremely weakly to chimpanzee basigin. Therefore, the species specificity of this interaction mirrored the known infection profile of P. falciparum and provided a molecular explanation for why P. falciparum only infects humans.
“This interaction seems to explain why P. falciparum only infects people and not apes. This may also be an important guiding factor in the development of eradication strategies for the elimination of P. falciparum in endemic areas.”
Professor Beatrice Hahn Author from the University of Pennsylvania
Until recently, studying protein interactions between the malaria parasite and great apes has been challenging. Both chimpanzees and gorillas are protected species and so obtaining blood samples that would help answer these questions is incredibly difficult.
“Today, we can produce these proteins synthetically in the laboratory to avoid the use of blood samples from endangered animals. In time, these scientific advances will lead to improved treatments, eradication strategies and, vaccine development for one of the world’s major health problems.”
Dr Gavin Wright Lead author from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
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Funding
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, the University of Pennsylvania Center for AIDS Research Single Genome Amplification Core Facility, and National Institutes of Health.
Participating Centres
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory and Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute is one of the world’s leading genome centres. Through its ability to conduct research at scale, it is able to engage in bold and long-term exploratory projects that are designed to influence and empower medical science globally. Institute research findings, generated through its own research programmes and through its leading role in international consortia, are being used to develop new diagnostics and treatments for human disease.
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