Unravelling kidney cancer
In a new study, scientists have searched for mutations in the gene regions of more than 100 kidney cancer samples, the largest number of samples from a single tumour type to be sequenced to date.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, with 102,000 deaths worldwide each year. It is noteworthy because its pathology – all the visible clues to its nature – is remarkably consistent and the majority of cases are known to be driven, at least in part, by mutations in a single gene, VHL. In this study, the team looked for mutations in 3544 genes in 101 cases of ccRCC to begin to investigate the complexity within this reasonably homogeneous cancer type.
“ccRCC has such a strong genetic signature, with the VHL gene undergoing mutation in more than 50 per cent of samples. It also has a strong pathological signature, with a homogeneous appearance in most cases.
“We also know that there are very few examples of known ‘cancer genes’ being mutated in ccRCC, making it a very interesting tumour to explore the contribution of novel genes in human cancer and thus provide opportunities to more fully understand the processes that can be subverted to drive cancer.”
Dr Andy Futreal Co-leader of the Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
As well as finding mutations in more than half of the cases examined in the VHL gene previously known to be important in ccRCC, the researchers found evidence for additional mutations in other genes. In particular, they showed that two genes implicated in modulating structural control of gene expression on a genome-wide level had acquired inactivating mutations in ccRCC. These genes, JARID1C and SETD2, encode proteins that move modifying signatures on and off proteins known as histones, which are critical in packaging the DNA thus controlling gene activity. These mutations further elaborate on a theme in ccRCC – this team of researchers had previously identified mutations in UTX, another gene controlling histone activity.
“This extensive mutational screen of clear cell renal cancer has uncovered abnormalities in genes that encode the machinery which determines the structure of chromatin – the three-dimensional environment of proteins that hold DNA. This machinery is critical to the fine regulation of transcription of genes into RNA and therefore to the functioning of all cells. We have now shown that several components of the machinery are mutated in cancer and the consequent abnormalities in their function contribute to the development of the disease.”Professor Mike Stratton Co-leader of the Cancer Genome Project at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
Strikingly, even though ccRCC is a particularly homogeneous cancer type both pathologically and genetically, none of the additional mutations identified accounted for more than five per cent of cases. These results exemplify the genetic complexity of human cancer and provide the further impetus for the design of studies to more fully delineate complete catalogues of the genes implicated in human cancer.
The researchers also identified somatic mutations in the gene NF2 in the particular subset of ccRCC which appear to not be driven by VHL mutation. NF2 was previously known to be involved in hereditary cancers affecting primarily the nervous system.
Following the initial survey of 101 samples, the researchers examined those genes found to be mutated in a further 300 samples to further clarify the potential importance of mutations in ccRCC.
“Systematic genetic analyses have the power to unmask previously unknown drivers in human cancer and the biology they impact. Such knowledge is critical to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.”Dr Bin Teh Head of the Laboratory of Cancer Genetics at the Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Delineation of the genetic foundation of ccRCC will ultimately help in diagnosis and in selection of treatment: the data show that, on the basis of genetic lesions, even apparently homogeneous cancers can begin to be classified into subtypes that display distinctive biological features driven by specific mutations.
There has been some success in exploiting one driver mutation in ccRCC, VHL, in therapeutic approaches – the most productive means to discover new biological understanding of this enigmatic cancer has been genetics – and more will be needed.
“Even in a tumour type dominated by single histology, with a prevalent signature, even in this ‘clearest’ of cases, we see evidence for substantial genetic heterogeneity. In this large set of 100 ccRCC samples, some mutations are found only once or twice and so we are likely to have missed others.
“To search comprehensively – to build the full picture we need of cancer genetics – we will need many hundred samples sequenced through the entire genome and all genes. The target for those cancers being analysed by the International Cancer Genome Consortium is 500. This is the scale that will be required to really take this group of diseases apart.”Dr Andy Futreal Sanger Institute
More information
About kidney cancer
Renal cell carcinoma accounts for about 209,000 new cases per year worldwide and 102,000 deaths. Compared to other adult carcinomas, the genetics of ccRCC are distinctive, with the majority of ccRCC cases displaying either somatic or germline inactivating mutations in the VHL gene, which are absent from most other cancers.
The three genes that modify histones are SETD2, JARID1C (KDM5C), as well as UTX (identified in a previous study).
Funding
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust and the Hauenstein and Gerber Foundations.
Participating Centres
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge UK
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
- Department of Urology, Spectrum Health Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI USA
- NCCS-VARI Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
Publications:
Selected websites
About Van Andel Institute
Established by Jay and Betty Van Andel in 1996, Van Andel Institute (VAI) is an independent research and educational organization based in Grand Rapids, Mich., dedicated to preserving, enhancing and expanding the frontiers of medical science, and to achieving excellence in education by probing fundamental issues of education and the learning process. VARI, the research arm of VAI, is dedicated to probing the genetic, cellular and molecular origins of cancer, Parkinson and other diseases and working to translate those findings into effective therapies. This is accomplished through the work of over 200 researchers in 18 on-site laboratories, in laboratories in Singapore and Nanjing, and in collaborative partnerships that span the globe.
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, which receives the majority of its funding from the Wellcome Trust, was founded in 1992. The Institute is responsible for the completion of the sequence of approximately one-third of the human genome as well as genomes of model organisms and more than 90 pathogen genomes. In October 2006, new funding was awarded by the Wellcome Trust to exploit the wealth of genome data now available to answer important questions about health and disease.
The Wellcome Trust
The Wellcome Trust is a global charitable foundation dedicated to achieving extraordinary improvements in human and animal health. We support the brightest minds in biomedical research and the medical humanities. Our breadth of support includes public engagement, education and the application of research to improve health. We are independent of both political and commercial interests.
